Anne Boley: Guilty or Innocent? Part 2

Posted by Sarah

Anne Boleyn: Guilty or Innocent?
Part2

On May 15th dressed in a gown of deep black with a crimson petticoat and wearing a hat with a black and white feather on it Anne prepared to face her trial. The trail was held in the King’s Hall at the Tower of London. Anne, still being the Queen of England was to face a jury of her own peers – though to say that they were unbiased would be a huge understatement. The men upon the jury  – men including Charles Brandon the Duke of Suffolk who was well known to hate Anne, were either very close friends with the King or allies of Mary Tudor or the Seymour family – men whom held no love in their hearts for Anne Boleyn.

Entering the King’s hall Anne must have known that she would be facing a losing battle this day. With Norris, Weston, Brereton and Smeaton already found guilty of treason against the King and sentenced to death there was little chance, if any at all, that Anne would be found innocent. When the charges were presented to Anne she was asked how she pleaded, the Queen replied that she was not guilty of all charges. 

For her part Anne defended herself with great dignity and spirit, such was the very nature of Anne Boleyn. She adamantly denied all the charges against her and argued that ‘she had maintained her honour and her chastity all her life long.’ (Weir 2009, pg. 215) Yet this was of no use as one by one each member of the jury stood and gave their verdict – every man said guilty. Anne Boleyn, the Queen of England had been found guilty of all the charges presented before her, adultery, incest and treason. 

After the verdict was given and Anne’s guilt declared she was asked to remove her crown and all her titles. After this humiliation Anne’s sentence was read out. The Duke of Norfolk, Anne’s uncle then read out her sentence, ‘Because thou hast offended against our sovereign the King’s Grace in committing treason against his person, the law of the realm is this, that though hast deserved death, and thy judgement is this: that thou shalt be burnt here within the Tower of London on the Green, else to have thy head smitten off, as the King’s pleasure shall be further known of the same’ (Weir 2009 pg. 218). 

In reply to this fateful sentence Anne is said to have replied…

“My lords, I will not say your sentence is unjust, nor presume that my reasons can prevail against your convictions. I am willing to believe that you have sufficient reasons for what you have done; but then they must be other than those which have been produced in court, for I am clear of all the offences which you then laid to my charge. I have ever been a faithful wife to the King, though I do not say I have always shown him that humility which his goodness to me, and the honours to which he raised me, merited. I confess I have had jealous fancies and suspicions of him, which I had not discretion enough, and wisdom, to conceal at all times. But God knows, and is my witness, that I have not sinned against him in any other way. Think not I say this in the hope to prolong my life, for He who saveth from death hath taught me how to die, and He will strengthen my faith. Think not, however, that I am so bewildered in my mind as not to lay the honour of my chastity to heart now in mine extremity, when I have maintained it all my life long, much as ever queen did. I know these, my last words, will avail me nothing but for the justification of my chastity and honour. As for my brother and those others who are unjustly condemned, I would willingly suffer many deaths to deliver them, but since I see it so pleases the King, I shall willingly accompany them in death, with this assurance, that I shall lead an endless life with them in peace and joy, where I will pray to God for the King and for you, my lords.”(Weir 2009, pg. 219 – 220)
I find this reply very interesting as not once does Anne ever admit that she has ever been guilty of the crimes she was charged with. She shows that she is human, admitting to have faults such as jealousy, suspicion and rage and goes on to protest her innocence admirably declaring that she has not sinned against Henry in any other manner and that she has preserved herself for her husband only. The fact that she would willingly give her life for those whom have been condemned along side of her (Norris, Weston, Brereton, Smeaton and soon her brother) is an extremely brave and beautiful gesture. Once again despite knowing that she will soon die (although in which manner is yet to be decided); Anne shows amazing composure and beauty in her speech. 

After Anne’s trial her brother George Boleyn, Lord Rochford was lead into the King’s hall and his trial commenced. Like Anne he was judged by his fellow peers, all whom held no love for him. Now that Norris, Weston, Brereton, Smeaton and his own sister had been found guilty and sentenced to death there was no hope for George. He pleaded not guilty to all the charges presented and although he put up a brave fight and is said to have challenged the charges with great wit he too was found guilty of incest and treason and sentenced to death. He was lead out of the King’s hall and back to his lodgings where he was to await his death.

On May 17th Archbishop Cranmer declared the annulment of the marriage between Anne Boleyn and King Henry VIII. There was no official reason for why the marriage was annulled but it is believed to be due to consanguinity – meaning that due to Henry’s previous sexual relationship with Anne’s sister Mary, it would have put Anne within the first degree of affinity to Henry; essentially he would have been marrying his sister. Thus it would have been against Cannon law for Henry to marry Anne. 

What makes this whole situation even more confusing is that if Anne’s marriage to Henry was annulled, as thus meaning they were never legally married, how could she have committed adultery? How can one commit adultery if the person is not married? It seems as though this was just another loop hole that was glossed over in the rush to see Anne Boleyn executed. 

 
Anne Boleyn being brought into the Tower of London (Painter unknown).


Sources

Bernard, G.W. 2010, Anne Boleyn Fatal Attractions, Yale University Press, London.

Fraser, A 2002, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Phoenix Press, London.

Ives, E 2005, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Australia.

Ridgway, C 2010, The Anne Boleyn Files, viewed 1st October 2011, <http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com>

Starkey, D. 2004, Six Wives The Queens of Henry VIII, Vintage Books, London.

Weir, A 1991, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Grove Press, New York.

Weir, A 2009, The Lady in The Tower The Fall of Anne Boleyn, Jonathan Cape, London.


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21st June 1529: Catherine of Aragon's Famous Speech

Posted by Sarah
21st June 1529: Catherine of Aragon's Famous Speech

On this day in history Queen Catherine of Aragon gave a passionate speech to her husband King Henry VIII at the Legatine Court at Blackfriars. The Legatine Court was set up to examine the validity of King Henry VIII’s marriage to Queen Catherine of Aragon. The court was presided over by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey from England and Cardinal Campeggio, the Popes representative from Rome. At the opening of the court Henry VIII declared his love for Catherine but also his concerns about the validity of their marriage as he felt he had disobeyed God by marrying his brother’s widow. When it came turn for Catherine to speak she did not stand and defend herself to the Court, instead she went to Henry and fell to her knees before him saying.... 

“Sir, I beseech you for all the love that hath been between us, and for the love of God, let me have justice. Take of me some pity and compassion, for I am a poor woman, and a stranger born out of your dominion. I have here no assured friends, and much less impartial counsel… 

Alas! Sir, wherein have I offended you, or what occasion of displeasure have I deserved?… I have been to you a true, humble and obedient wife, ever comfortable to your will and pleasure, that never said or did any thing to the contrary thereof, being always well pleased and contented with all things wherein you had any delight or dalliance, whether it were in little or much. I never grudged in word or countenance, or showed a visage or spark of discontent. I loved all those whom ye loved, only for your sake, whether I had cause or no, and whether they were my friends or enemies. This twenty years or more I have been your true wife and by me ye have had divers children, although it hath pleased God to call them out of this world, which hath been no default in me… 

When ye had me at first, I take God to my judge, I was a true maid, without touch of man. And whether it be true or no, I put it to your conscience. If there be any just cause by the law that ye can allege against me either of dishonesty or any other impediment to banish and put me from you, I am well content to depart to my great shame and dishonour. And if there be none, then here, I most lowly beseech you, let me remain in my former estate… Therefore, I most humbly require you, in the way of charity and for the love of God – who is the just judge – to spare me the extremity of this new court, until I may be advised what way and order my friends in Spain will advise me to take. And if ye will not extend to me so much impartial favour, your pleasure then be fulfilled, and to God I commit my cause!” (Ridgway 2012)

After her speech, instead of returning to her seat Queen Catherine of Aragon turned and left the court ignoring the calls for her to return. Apparently as she left Catherine stated that “On, on, it makes no matter, for it is no impartial court for me, therefore I will not tarry. Go on.” (Ridgway 2012)

Talk about a brave woman! I can only imagine that it must have taken a lot of strength and such great lvoe for Catherine to fall to her knees inf ront of a packed court and to give such a powerful and emotional speech. In her speech she pleads with her husband that not only was she a virgin when she came to his marriage bed but also that she should remain as Queen. Despite all that had happened to Catherine over the last few years, her husband falling in lvoe with Anne Boleyn and then seeking an annulment to his marriage, Catherine still appeared to deeply love Henry. Then on top of this Catherine stood up and despite being ordered to return she left the Court never to make another appearance. Certainly this is a bold move on her part! I think Catherine's speech and her actions at Court that day was just one example of the strength that Catherine of Aragon carried within her. 





Sources
Ridgway, C 2012, ‘31st May 1533 – Anne Boleyn’s Coronation Procession’, viewed 31st May 2012, Available from internet < http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/19252/21st-june-1529-catherine-aragon-legatine-court/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+TheAnneBoleynFiles+%28The+Anne+Boleyn+Files%29>.
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Anne Boleyn: Guilty or Innocent? Part 1

Posted by Sarah

Anne Boleyn: Guilty or Innocent?
Part 1

A question that continues to surround Anne Boleyn even four hundred and seventy six years after her death is: was she guilty of committing adultery against her husband King Henry VIII? I suppose the answer to this question greatly depends on which historian you draw information from. Many leading historians such as Eric Ives, Alison Weir, Antonia Fraser and Claire Ridgway do not believe that Anne Boleyn was guilty of having an affair. Yet G.W. Bernard proposes that in fact Anne Boleyn did cheat on her husband with Henry Norris and possibly Mark Smeaton and Francis Weston. I think to answer this question it is up to each person to look at the evidence and decide for themselves. Certainly I do not believe that Anne was guilty of anything more than being a woman far beyond her times. 
Anne Boleyn. Portrait from the National Portrait Gallery, London.

Anne Boleyn was arrested on May 2nd 1536 and was taken to the Tower of London and lodged in the Queen’s lodgings (which no longer exist as they did in Anne’s day). She was accused of having inappropriate liaisons with Mark Smeaton her musician, Sir Henry Norris, Groom of the Stool, Sir Francis Weston, page to the King, Sir William Brereton, Groom of the Privy Chamber and her brother George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford. 

On May 10th official legal proceedings began against Anne Boleyn and her fellow accused. A jury of noblemen were presented with various evidences against Anne showing proof of not only her adultery against her husband the King, but also of incest with her brother and treason in plotting the Kings death. Satisfied that enough evidence was gathered the jury at Westminster Hall wrote this indictment…

“Record of the Indictment found at Westminster on Wednesday next after three weeks of Easter: that whereas Queen Anne has been the wife of Henry VIII for three years and more, she, despising the solemn, not to mention most excellent and noble marriage between our lord the King and the same lady the Queen, but even at he same time having in her heart malice against our lord the King, seduced by evil and not having God before her eyes, and following daily her frail and carnal appetites, did falsely and traitorously procure by base conversations and kisses, touchings, gifts and other infamous incitations, divers of the King’s daily and familiar servants to be her adulterers and concubines, so that several of the King’s servants yielded to her vile provocations; viz, on Oct 6th, 25 Henry VIII [1533] at Westminster, and divers days before and after, she procured, by sweet words, kisses, touches and otherwise, Hen. Norris, of Westminster, gentleman of the Privy Chamber, to violate her, by reason whereof he did so at Westminster on the 12th Oct, 25 Hen. VIII [1533], and they had illicit intercourse, both before and after, sometimes by his procurement and sometimes by that of the Queen.

Also the Queen, 3 Dec. 25 Hen. VIII [1533], and divers days before and after, procured William Brereton, Esquire, late of Westminster, one of the gentlemen of the King’s Privy Chamber, to have illicit intercourse with her, whereby he did so on 8 Dec. 25 Hen. VIII [1533] at Hampton Court, in the parish of Little Hampton, and on several days before and after, sometimes by his own procurement and sometimes by the Queen’s.

Also the Queen, 8 May 26 Hen. VIII [1534], and at other times before and since, procured Sir Fras. Weston of Westminster, one of the gentlemen of the King’s Privy Chamber, to have illicit intercourse with her, and that the Act was committed at Westminster 20 May 26 Hen. VIII [1534].
Also the Queen 12 April 26 Hen. VIII [1534], and divers days before and since, at Westminster, also incited/procured Mark Smeaton, a performer on musical instruments, a person specified as of low degree, promoted for his skill to be a groom of the Privy Chamber, to violate her, whereby he did so at Westminster, 26 April 27 Hen. VIII [1535].

Also that the Queen, 2 Nov. 27 Hen. VIII [1535] and several times before and after, by means therein stated, procured and incited her own natural brother, George Boleyn, knight, Lord Rochford, to violate her, alluring him with her tongue in the said George’s mouth, and the said George’s tongue in hers, and also with kisses, presents and jewels, against the commands of the Almighty God, and all laws human and divine, whereby he, despising the commands of God, and all other human laws, 5 Nov. 27 Henry VIII [1535], violated and carnally knew the said Queen, his own sister, at Westminster, which he also did on divers days before and after, sometimes by his own procurement and sometimes by the Queen’s.

Furthermore, they being thus inflamed by carnal love of the Queen, and having become very jealous of each other, did, in order to secure her affections, satisfy her inordinate desires; and that the Queen was equally jealous of the Lord Rochford, and other the before-mentioned traitors that she would not allow them to hold any familiarity with any other woman without exhibiting her exceeding displeasure and indignation. Moreover, the said Lord Rochford, Norris, Brereton, Weston and Smeaton, being thus inflamed with carnal love of the Queen, and having become very jealous of each other, gave her secret gifts and pledges, while carrying on this illicit intercourse; and the Queen, on her part, would not allow them to show familiarity with any other woman without her exceeding displeasure and indignation; and that on 27. Nov. 27 Hen. VIII [1535] and other days before and after, at Westminster, she gave them great gifts to inveigle them to her will. Furthermore that the Queen and other of the said traitors, jointly and severally, 31 Oct. 27 Henry VIII [1535], at Westminster, and at various times before and after, compassed and imagined the King’s death; and that the Queen had frequently promised to marry some one of the traitors whenever the King should depart this life, affirming she would never love the King in her heart. Furthermore, that the King having come within a short time before to the knowledge of, and meditating upon, the false and detestable crimes, vices and treasons committed against himself within a short time now passed, took such inward displeasure and heaviness, especially for his said Queen’s malice and adultery, that certain harms and perils have befallen his royal body, to the scandal, danger, detriment and derogation of the issue and heirs of the said King and Queen.”(Weir 2009, pg. 181 -183)

What I find utterly appalling about this indictment is that Anne Boleyn had not even had her official trial and yet she was already being slandered and spoken of as though she were guilty. It would appear that the notion ‘innocent until proven guilty’ did not apply in these times – or at least in this case. The wording used within this document repeatedly suggests that Anne’s heart was ‘malice’, that she was ‘seduced by evil’, ‘did not have God before her eyes’, followed her ‘daily frail and carnal appetites’ and that she was a ‘traitor’. For a supposed indictment this reads more like the outcomes of a trial where someone has already been found guilty. If this document was written in hopes that it would make Anne Boleyn and her fellow accusers look bad then it most certainly did its job. Now not only was Anne accused of adultery she was also accused of incest with her brother and plotting to kill the King – which was treason.

Another Grand Jury was convened in Kent on this day to look at the evidence gathered against Anne. As with the day before the jury found the evidence damning and could only conclude that Anne had indeed committed many illicit affairs with Norris, Boleyn, Weston, Brereton and Smeaton as well as plotting to have her husband, the King of England killed.

Claire Ridgway at The Anne Boleyn Files has compiled all the evidence from the 10th and 11th of May inquiries to give an outline of the dates in which Anne supposedly had affairs…
  • 6th and 12th October 1533 – Anne and Sir Henry Norris at Westminster
  • 16th and 27th November 1533 – Anne and Sir William Brereton at Greenwich
  • 3rd and 8th December 1533 – Anne and Sir William Brereton at Hampton Court
  • 12th April 1534 – Anne and Mark Smeaton at Westminster (date for Anne procuring Smeaton)
  • 12th and 19th May 1534 – Anne and Mark Smeaton at Greenwich
  • 8th and 20th May 1534 – Anne and Sir Francis Weston at Westminster
  • 6th and 20th June 1534 – Anne and Sir Francis Weston at Greenwich
  • 26th April 1535 – Anne and Mark Smeaton at Westminster
  • 31st October 1535 – Anne and some of the men compassed the King’s death at Westminster
  • 2nd and 5th November 1535 – Anne and her brother George Boleyn at Westminster
  • 27th November 1535 – Anne gave gifts to the men at Westminster
  • 22nd and 29th December 1535 – Anne and her brother George Boleyn at Eltham Palace
  • 8th January 1536 – Anne compassed the King’s death with Rochford, Norris, Weston and Brereton at Greenwich (Ridgway 2010)
What I find astounding about these dates is that most of them can be disproved; even four hundred centuries after these events took place.

6th and 12th of October 1533: Anne had only given birth to her daughter about a month before. I find it hard to believe that she would want to be jumping into bed with another man. (I certainly know after I gave birth to my daughter I was not thinking about sex for quite some time!)

3rd and 8th of December 1533: Anne was at Greenwich and not at Hampton Court.

12th and 19th of May 1534: Anne was at Richmond not at Greenwich.

April, May and June 1334: Anne was heavily pregnant at this time, as records show that she ‘hath a good belly’. In Tudor times it was not considered safe to sleep with a pregnant woman, especially when she was progressing along and growing bigger for fear of damaging the baby or causing the woman to miscarry. Anne had promised Henry a son so why would she risk losing said promised son by having sex, which could damage or cause her to lose the child? Also on the 20th June when Anne was supposedly to have slept with Weston at Westminster she was in fact at Hampton Court.

27th November 1535: Anne was at Windsor not at Westminster.

8th January 1536: Anne was at Eltham Palace not at Greenwich.

If we can, four hundred and seventy five years later, prove these countless dates and accusations false and incorrect I am sure that they could have also done back when this indictment was brought out. And yet none of these inaccuracies were ever picked up on by the jury that tried Anne.  It would lead to suggest that perhaps in the haste of trying to gather damning evidence against Anne that these dates were thrown together from on hand knowledge. Also the fact that the indictment the day before suggests that the affairs could have happened before and after these days, leaving the time frame quite open, could show that all of this information was thrown together quite quickly.

Anne Boleyn after her arrest in the Queen’s Lodgings. Painted in 1835 by Edouard Cibot.


Sources

Bernard, G.W. 2010, Anne Boleyn Fatal Attractions, Yale University Press, London.

Fraser, A 2002, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Phoenix Press, London.

Ives, E 2005, The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Australia.

Ridgway, C 2010, The Anne Boleyn Files, viewed 1st October 2011, <http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/>.

Starkey, D. 2004, Six Wives The Queens of Henry VIII, Vintage Books, London.

Weir, A 1991, The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Grove Press, New York.

Weir, A 2009, The Lady in The Tower The Fall of Anne Boleyn, Jonathan Cape, London.

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The Tudor Queens of England by David Loades

Posted by Sarah

The Tudor Queens of England by David Loades
From Elizabeth of York — wife of Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch — through to Elizabeth I, her grand-daughter and the last in the line, this book explores some of the most colourful and dramatic women in British history. Queen consorts were central to the Royal Court but their role has rarely been examined or contrasted with the better known ruling queens. How did they behave (in and out of the bedchamber)? How powerful were they as patrons of learning and the arts? What religious views did they espouse and why? How successful and influential were they?

David Loades’ book is a fascinating look at fourteen women from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries who one way or another played a role in the British Monarchy. The book looks at famous women of the period such as Catherine de Valois, Margaret of Anjoy, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Mary I and Elizabeth I as well as many others. 

I was quite fascinated with Loades’ book as although I have read quite a lot about the wives of Henry VIII I have read very little about the women whom came before Henry VIII. Through Loades’ book I was introduced to such interesting and captivating women such as Catherine de Valois, a Queen Dowager who dared to marry beneath her status and through her generations of Tudor monarchs stated their claimed to the throne. And women such as Margaret of Anjou who fought, right or wrong, what she believed to be the rights of her son and heir to the English throne. 

It was fascinating to look at such strong and determined women who in one way or another followed their hearts and did what they thought to be best for themselves and their children. Often when one reflects upon Queen Consorts of the medieval and renaissance period one thinks of meek and demure women; women who know their role and their place by their husbands side. Women who do not speak out and take what is given to them, often turning a blind eye to their husband’s affairs. But this is just one image of the Queen Consort. Another is of determination, strength and love, the will to fight for what they belied in and to follow their heart. Never more was this so evident in the life of Anne Boleyn, a woman of noble birth, a lady in waiting to the Queen, who would rise to take the crown for herself. Loades does a wonderful job of giving a brief outline of the lives of these interesting and determined women and giving a brief look at why each woman made the actions and decisions they did.

Loades also looks at women such as Elizabeth of York and Jane Seymour, Queens who followed the more traditional role of Queen Consort. Women who sadly there is not a great deal known about their lives but are just as fascinating.  

Unfortunately, once again, Loades makes several mistakes with the dates that he gives within the book. For example he states that Mary Boleyn was married to William Carey in 1521. This date is incorrect as records from the time tell us that Mary Boleyn and William Carey were in fact married on the 4th February 1520. Loades also states that Anne Boleyn was beheaded upon Tower Hill on 18th Mary 1536. Once again this is incorrect and we know that Anne Boleyn was beheaded at around 8 – 9am on the morning of May 19th on a scaffold within the walls of the Tower of London. I do find these misgiven dates rather frustrating as dates such as Anne Boleyn’s execution are well known and well written about by other historians and more so stated in primary sources. Why Loades got these dates incorrect and continues to get important dates incorrect does baffle me. 

Despite the incorrect dates I did find this book extremely interesting. Through reading Loades’ book I was able to gain an insight into the lives of women that I had previously not read about such as Catherine de Valois and Margaret of Anjou. Although only one chapter was dedicated to each of these women, I felt Loades did a wonderful job of summarising their lives, giving the important details and events and painting a picture of the types of women they were. From this I feel the reader then has the opportunity to explore and research further into the lives of these women, or any of the other women mentioned within the book. 

Certainly I would recommend this book to anyone who is interested in Tudor history and more so to anyone who is interested in strong and fascinating women who played a part in English history. 


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HAPPY BIRTHDAY FACEBOOK PAGE!

Posted by Sarah

Happy Birthday!

On this day exactly one year I ago I decided to take the plunge and create a Facebook page dedicated to my admiration and love of Anne Boleyn and Tudor history. It was through the encouragement and support of my dear friend Natalie from On The Tudor Trail that I even had the courage to create a page.  One year on my page has grown and grown and I never thought it would have come as far as it has! 

Over this last year I have learnt so much about Anne Boleyn and Tudor history. I feel as though every day I have the opportunity to learn and find out something interesting about a period in history that absolutely fascinates me. I have also grown more and more fascinated by Mary Boleyn, Anne’s older sister. This woman absolutely amazes me and this last year I have spent quite a bit of time reading and researching details of her life. For a woman who was sister to one of the most famous queens in history she still remains such a mystery! I do not think I could ever get bored of reading about Mary Boleyn, Anne Boleyn or anything to do with Tudor history.

Also over this last year I have had the opportunity to meet some amazing people. I have made so many friends and had the opportunity to share my love and passion for Tudor history with other people who feel the same as I do. It has been such a great experience and I love to meet and talk to so many beautiful people. 

I wanted to say a very big THANK YOU to everyone for your support, input, encouragement and comments throughout this last year. It has been so rewarding and fun to run my little Facebook page and I am so glad that in the end I did decide to take the plunge. Thank you for all being so wonderful and supportive.

I also wanted to say THANK YOU to four incredible woman who over the last year have been such a sourse of strength, friendship and inspiration in my life. These women, Claire Ridgway, Natalie Grueninger, Sarah Morris and Susan Bordo are four beautiful, talented, incredibly smart and inspirational woman and I would like to thank them for their friendship, their encouragement, their love and guidance over this last year. I feel so lucky and honoured to have them as part of my life. I while ago I wrote a little piece about each of these women and if anyone is interested you can read it here: Four Modern Day Women Who Inspire Me

Hopefully over the next year my page will continue to grow and I will have many more opportunities to meet and talk with new and old friends. I have several more give aways planned, more book reviews and hopefully more interesting articles! Lots to come!

Once again, THANK YOU to everyone for your support and friendship. And now for a very embarassing video I made to say thank you...


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