HAPPY NEW YEAR!


With 2011 drawing to a close I wanted to take a moment to express my thanks and gratitude to everyone who has supported me and come on my journey with me on both my faebook page and blog. I started my facebook page dedicated to Anne and Mary Boleyn and Tudor history on June 6th 2011. I admit that I was nervous and worried. I wanted to create a page where I could share my love of Anne and Mary Boleyn and Tudor history with others around the world. Never in all my dreams did I ever think that my blog or faebook page would ever come as far as they have. Now, just over six months later, at the end of 2011, I have 1146 likes on my facebook page and over 30 000 hits on my blog. Never could I ever have begun to imagine that so many incredible and amazing people would join me on my journey.

I adore Anne and Mary Boleyn; I adore Tudor history – especially anything to do with the reign of Henry VIII. Through my faebook page and blog I have had the opportunity to meet people from all over the world. I have made so many wonderful and amazing friends and met people who have inspired and touched me deeply. I have had some wonderful, inspiring and deep discussions with people as well as shared countless laughs and funny moments.  And always in my journey I have had the opportunity to continue my passion and love for Tudor history and always to learn more. I do not think a day goes by without me being able to learn a new little fact or tidbit about Tudor history. It is so wonderful and very exciting!  It has been such an amazing and incredibly rewarding experience for me to run this blog and faebook page. An experience that I am thankful for every day.

To everyone who has supported me, friended me, spoken with me, viewed my blog or facebook page, left comments, shared photos, images, links or their work I would like to say from the bottom of my heart THANK YOU. Thank you for your friendship, your support and your encouragement. Thank you for sharing your passions and interests with me and thank you so much for being part of my learning journey. I truly do not think that words can fully express how thankful and grateful I am to everyone who has supported and friended me on this fantastic journey.

 I feel very positive about 2012. I think it is going to be a wonderful year and I hope that my facebook page and blog can continue to grow. I hope that I can continue grow as a person, as a friend, as a wife and as a mother. I hope to continue to learn more about Anne and Mary Boleyn, as well as learning more about Henry VIII and Tudor life. I hope that I have many more opportunities to meet fantastic new people, to form friendships and to be inspired by those around me. 

I also have to mention that I have another give away early next year… something a little different but very much Tudor related. I’m VERY excited about this give away and look forward to sharing all the details with you all soon! 

So once again, from the bottom of my heart THANK YOU to everyone for joining me on this journey. Thank you for your friendship, you encouragement and support. My journey into Tudor history will continue next year and I really hope you can all join me. 

Much love,
Sarah xx


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Anne Boleyn A Biography by Marie Louise Bruce

Anne Boleyn A Biography by Marie Louise Bruce

Was she a tragic heroine of Henry’s “monstrous great whore”? Anne Boleyn, the seductress who changed the course of British history, comes vibrantly to life in this marvellously entertaining, opulently illustrated biography – a fascinating evocation of a personality at once wily and whimsical, irresistibly charming and infuriatingly indiscreet, cunning, yet curiously naïve.
Tutored in ambition by her father, schooled in the subtle art of courtly love at the brilliant but profligate French court, both inspired and repelled by her sister’s celebrated liaison with the King, whose towering, spectacular presence she had only once glimpsed, Anne Boleyn arrived in London an accomplished, fashionably French and exceedingly impressionable girl of fifteen. Her impact was immediate and prophetic, as she made her triumphant debut in a royal entertainment, an allegory in which Henry portrayed “Ardent Desire,” a role he was soon to assume in earnest.
Perusing her with lavish gifts and torrid love letters in French, Henry was overwhelmed by a passion that Anne enflamed with her artful attentions to his infatuated courtiers. So began the King’s “Great Matter,” the long arduous campaign for his divorce that imperilled Henry’s kingdom – and his soul – and resulted, at great personal cost, in Anne’s accession. A brilliant, but bitterly brief, victory – and then, the fall… stunning, swift and cruel, equally as dramatic as her dazzling rise to power.
A superbly crafted and objective portrait of a woman who often reviled than charitably remembered, this eloquent biography explores the personal motivations and political forces that brought Anne Boleyn to the throne and presents startling new evidence about the role of sex in her career. Retelling a story of consistent fascination from a wholly new perspective, it reveals a finely drawn likeness of Anne Boleyn – an ambitious, resolute but tragically short sighted girl who achieved her goal only to become prisoner of the very qualities that had made her queen.

I bought this book second hand as I am fascinated with everything related to Anne Boleyn and I thought it would be an interesting read. The book was published in 1972, almost twenty years before Eric Ives definitive book on Anne Boleyn. I was curious as to what Marie Louise Brue had to say about Anne Boleyn and her fascinating life. 

I have to admit that initially I was a little put off by what Marie Louise Bruce wrote about Anne Boleyn as it appeared that she struggled to gather her facts together. Bruce stated that it was Mary Boleyn that went to Austria as part of Margaret, Archduchesses of Austria’s court. We know that it was not Mary but in fact Anne Boleyn that was chosen to go to the Archduchesses court as Anne wrote to her father thanking her for the position. I am a little confused as to why Bruce would write that it was Mary when there is absolutely no evidence to support this. 

Bruce also wrote that both Mary and Anne Boleyn stayed in France after the death of King Lois XII and were placed in the court of the new Queen Claude. Once again I am not sure where this information came from. We know for certain that Anne found a place within the court of the new French Queen but as for Mary Boleyn, frustratingly her whereabouts remain unknown. It could be possible that she stayed at the French Court, but there is no physical evidence to support this. She may have returned home with Mary Tudor, the Dowager French Queen or she may have returned to the English court and become a lady in waiting to Queen Catherine of Aragon. But to say for certain that a place was found for Mary Boleyn in the court of Queen Claude of France is simply not true. 

Bruce also stated that it was because of Henry VIII’s early encounters with Anne Boleyn that Thomas Boleyn, Anne’s father, received the promotion to Treasurer of the Household. I think this statement does an injustice to the type of courtier that Thomas Boleyn was. Thomas Boleyn was an extremely talented and capable man who was skilled in speaking French and was sent as an ambassador to various countries. Perhaps he received this promotion to Treasurer of the Household because of his daughter Anne’s encounter with the King, but it could also be possible that the promotion was given to him because of his own skills and merits. 

It was also suggested that Anne Boleyn carelessly left her copy of William Tyndale’s book ‘Obedience of a Christian Man’ lying around and it happened to be discovered by one of Anne’s ladies Anne Gainsford. It was then snatched by Anne Gainsford’s suitor and from him taken by Dr Sampson, the Dean of the King’s Chapel. Sampson then gave the book to Wolsey who would go straight to Henry VIII. Tyndale’s book was banned in England at the time and considered a piece of heresy, so why would Anne so carelessly leave it around? Knowing that Wolsey would go to the King, Anne Boleyn went to Henry first and told him that the Tyndale’s book spoke about how the King should be the head of the church and country. I think it is an absolutely ridiculous assumption to suggest that Anne so carelessly left her book lying around. Merely having this book could have been considered heresy. I think it was absolutely perfect timing by Anne Boleyn. This all happened at the time when Henry was seeking an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Tyndale’s book spoke of a way in which he could become the head of the Church in England and thus free himself of his marriage. Accident? I think not, instead I think Anne was a very clever woman leaving a book that was just what Henry VIII needed to read at the time! 

Despite these few points which I did not agree with I have to say that I absolutely loved Marie Louise Bruce’s detailed description of Henry VIII’s “Great Matter”. Bruce dedicated a large section of her book to Henry VIII’s quest to seek an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and his determination to become Surprise Head of the English Church. Henry VIII’s Great Matter lasted six or seven years and was extremely detailed and complicated. There are so many factors which need to be looked at when trying to discuss the “Great Matter”. As well as Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn many other important people played a role in one way or another in the whole matter. There was Henry VIII’s relationship with his ‘brother’, King Francis I and France’s alliance with England and the Holy Roman Empire. There was Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and nephew of Catherine of Aragon. There was Pope Clement and his involvement with Charles V and imprisonment and lack of determination to actually do anything. There were Anne Boleyn’s family and supporters as well as the supporters and friends of Catherine of Aragon. As well these people there were also the Bishops, Parliament and other important members of the King’s council and court. There were multiple events, changing circumstances and situations which all rolled together to impact the “Great Matter”. Just typing about it now makes my brain hurt! But Bruce did an absolutely fantastic job of taking all of these intricate factors and forming them into an easy to read and easy to understand description of what was happening in England and Europe during the late 1520’s and early 1530’s. The whole section about Henry VIII’s “Great Matter” flowed beautifully and was very easy to understand. In fact I have to say that Bruce’s description of the “Great Matter” was probably the best described that I have ever read. 

Bruce also spoke of a common saying in Henry VIII’s court which was “The wrath of the King is death”. I thought this was a very apt statement and I can just imagine those at court during the reign of Henry VIII whispering this in private corners. When Henry loved it would appear that he loved with all his being, but when something did not go his way he certainly knew how to lash out at others. Because let us not forget, nothing was ever the King’s fault! Certainly many innocent people lost their lives because of Henry VIII’s wrath… Anne Boleyn is just one example of this.  

Despite a few points of difference here and there I have to say that I thoroughly enjoyed reading Marie Louise Bruce’s book on Anne Boleyn. I thought it was very well written and her style of writing was fluid and very easy to understand. I quite enjoyed the chapters in which she talked about and explained Henry VIII’s “Great Matter”. I thought they were very well presented and put forward in such a way that all the details were easy to grasp. For a book that was written nearly twenty years before Eric Ives definitive book on Anne Boleyn I thought that Bruce did a wonderful job of bringing Anne Boleyn to life. This is certainly a book for anyone who is interested in the life of Anne Boleyn and certainly a book for people whose main interest lies with Henry VIII’s “Great Matter”. 


Merry Christmas

Merry Christmas!

I will be heading off soon for a short holiday with my family over Christmas. Since I won’t be around for the next few days I really wanted to take this opportunity to wish everyone a Merry Christmas and Happy Holidays! I hope that if you celebrate this festive season that you enjoy yourself and have a wonderful time. If you don’t celebrate then may you have a peaceful few days :)
 
I also wanted to take this opportunity to say thank you to everyone for your support and friendship. About two years ago I started a blog after I had the most amazing opportunity to go to England and visit many of the amazing Tudor sights including the Tower of London, Hever Castle, Windsor Castle, Westminster Abbey and Hampton Court. Then about six months ago, with the encouragement and support of a dear friend, I decided to create a facebook page to run alongside of my blog. I started the facebook page as a way for me to share my love of Anne Boleyn and Tudor history and also to meet and get to know people with similar interests. Six months ago I never could have imagined that the facebook page would have come as far as it has!

Thank you so much to everyone for all your beautiful comments, your input and friendship.  I am continually learning and developing my knowledge of Tudor history and everyday it seems as though I have the opportunity to discover something new and interesting. I have met so many beautiful and amazing people and everyone is just so fantastic and I feel so lucky to know you all. Thank you so much for your support, input and friendship. I hope you all have a blessed and joyful Christmas :)

 
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Tuesday's Tudor Tableau - Tudor Christmas Decorations


 With Christmas only a few days away this week’s Tudor related photo is of my favourite Tudor Christmas decoration! I bought this little Anne Boleyn plush decoration from the Tower of London when I visited in 2009. Sometimes I feel as though I am quite addicted to collecting Tudor related knick knacks, but I just love that period of history and I could not help myself. I also bought the beautiful Tudor Rose plush Christmas tree decoration. Oddly neither the Anne Boleyn decoration nor the Tudor Rose decoration actually hang on my Christmas tree! I feel as though it would be such a shame to only have them displayed for one month of the year! I want to be able to see my little Anne and Tudor rose all year round so I keep them in my bedroom. The Tudor Rose decoration hangs on my door and the Anne Boleyn plush decoration hangs off of my whiteboard. A little Tudor Christmas all year round!

If you are interested you can purchase both the Anne Boleyn plush Christmas decoration and the Tudor Rose plush decoration from Historic Royal Palaces online. You can also get a Henry VIII decoration, as well as all of Henry’s wives! 

Quick Question: On the subject of Anne Boleyn, what are some books you would recommend to read?


Quick Question: On the subject of Anne Boleyn, what are some books you would recommend to read? 

Below are a several books which I would suggest reading if you are interested in learning more about the life and fall of Anne Boleyn…

The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn is the most notorious of England’s queens, but more famous for her death as an adulterer than for her life. Henry’s second wife and mother of Elizabeth I, Anne was the first English queen to be publicly executed. Yet what do we know of the achievements and the legacy of her short reign?
In The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn Eric Ives provides the most detailed and convincing portrait we have of the queen. He reveals a person of intellect with a passion for the new culture of the Renaissance, a woman who made her way in a man’s world by force of education and personality. She played a powerful and independent role in the faction-ridden court of Henry VIII and the unceasing struggle for royal favour that was Tudor politics. The consequences can still be detected today. Indeed, Ives shows that it was precisely because Anne was a powerful figure in her own right that it needed a coup to bring her down. She had to be stopped – even by a lie.
(This book is a MUST for anyone interested in Anne Boleyn!)


The Lady in The Tower by Alison Weir
The imprisonment and execution of Queen Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII’s second wife, in May 1536 was unprecedented in the annals of English history. It was sensational in its day, and has exerted endless fascination over the minds of historians, novelists, dramatists, poets, artists and film-makers ever since. Anne was imprisoned in the Tower of London on 2 May 1536, and tried and found guilty of high treason on 15 May. Her supposed crimes included adultery with five men, one her own brother, and plotting the King’s death. She was executed on 19 May 1536. Mystery surrounds the circumstances leading up to her arrest. Was it Henry VIII who, estranged from Anne, instructed Master Secretary Thomas Cromwell to fabricate evidence to get rid of her so that he could marry Jane Seymour? Or did Cromwell, for reasons of his own, construct a case against Anne and her faction, and then present compelling evidence before the King? Following the coronation of her daughter Elizabeth I as queen, Anne was venerated as a martyr and heroine of the English Reformation. Over the centuries, Anne has inspired many artistic and cultural works and, as a result, has remained ever-present in England’s popular memory. In her impressive new book, Alison Weir has woven a detailed and intricate portrait of the last days of one of the most influential and important figures in English history.
(This is another book that is a must read for anyone interested in Anne Boleyn and especially her fall.)


 Six Wives The Queens of Henry VIII By David Starkey
Catherine of Aragon, the pious Spanish Catholic who suffered years of miscarriages and failed to produce a male heir; Anne Boleyn, the pretty, clever, French-educated 'Protestant' whose marriage to Henry changed England forever; Jane Seymour, the demure and submissive contrast to Anne's radical and vampish style; Anne of Cleves, 'the Mare of Flanders' whose short marriage to the over-weight Henry followed a farcical 'beauty contest'; Catherine Howard, the flirtatious teenager whose adulteries made a fool of the ageing King; and Catherine Parr, the shrewd, religiously radical bluestocking who outlived him...In this dazzling study, David Starkey gives a richly textured picture of daily life at the Tudor Court from the woman's point of view. Above all, he establishes the interaction of the private and public, and demonstrates how the Queens of Henry VIII were central in determining political policy.


The Six Wives of Henry VIII By Alison Weir
Henry VIII is perhaps England’s most infamous monarch, especially when it comes to matters of the heart. He was married to six distinctly different women, and in this richly detailed and meticulously researched history, these remarkable, often misunderstood queens come to life once again: Katherine of Aragon, stubborn and devoutly Catholic; Anne Boleyn, proud and fiercely ambitious; Jane Seymour, deceptively strong-willed; Anne of Cleves, unappealing and uncomplaining; Katherine Howard, young and foolish; and finally, Katherine Parr, brave, practical and intelligent. Their full histories and personalities emerge at last, giving voices to the six extraordinary women who left their distinctive marks on the English thrown and thereby changed the course of British history.


The Six Wives of Henry VIII By David Loades
The marital ups and downs of England's most infamous king. The story of Henry VIII and his six wives has passed from history into legend - taught in the cradle as a cautionary tale and remembered in adulthood as an object lesson in the dangers of marrying into royalty. The true story behind the legend, however, remains obscure to most people, whose knowledge of the affair begins and ends with the aide memoire 'Divorced, executed, died, divorce, executed, survived'. David Loades masterly book recounts the whole sorry tale in detail from Henry's first marriage, to his brother's widow, to more or less contented old age in the care of the motherly Catherine Parr.


Anne Boleyn In Her Own Words & the Words of Those Who Knew Her by Elizabeth Norton
Anne Boleyn, the second wife of Henry VIII, caused comment wherever she went. Through the chronicles, letters and dispatches written by both Anne and her contemporaries, it is possible to see her life and thoughts as she struggled to become queen of England, ultimately ending her life on the scaffold. Only through the original sources is it truly possible to evaluate the real Anne.
George Wyatt's Life of Queen Anne provided the first detailed account of the queen, based on the testimony of those that knew her. The poems of Anne's supposed lover, Thomas Wyatt, as well as accounts such as Cavendish's Life of Wolsey also give details of her life, as do the hostile dispatches of the Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys and the later works of the slanderous Nicholas Slander and Nicholas Harpsfield. Henry VIII's love letters and many of Anne's own letters survive, providing an insight into the love affair that changed England forever. The reports on Anne's conduct in the Tower of London show the queen's shock and despair when she realized that she was to die. Collected together for the first time, these and other sources make it possible to view the real Anne Boleyn through her own words and those of her contemporaries.


Love Letters of Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn Notes by JO Phillips
An unabridged, illustrated edition with end-notes by J. O. Phillips, including the presumed first letter, and only one known to survive, from Anne to Henry (July, 1525)


The Early Loves of Anne Boleyn by Josephine Wilkinson
Anne Boleyn is perhaps the most engaging of Henry VIII's Queens. For her he would divorce his wife of some twenty years standing, he would take on the might of the Roman Church and the Holy Roman Empire; he would even alienate his own people in order to win her favor and, eventually, her hand.
But before Henry came into her life Anne Boleyn had already wandered down love's winding path. She had learned its twists and turns during her youth spent at the courts of the Low Countries and France, where she had been sent as a result of her scandalous behavior with her father's butler and chaplain. Here her education had been directed by two of the strongest women of the age - and one of the weakest.
Returning to England she was courted by three different suitors in three very different circumstances. The first was James Butler, with whom an arranged marriage was designed to settle a family dispute over the earldom of Ormond. Anne then captured the heart of Henry Percy, whose genuine love for her was reciprocated and would have lead to Anne becoming countess of Northumberland had the couple not been cruelly torn apart in the interests of politics and worldly ambition. Lastly, Thomas Wyatt, the dreamy young poet and ambassador who was captivated by Anne but who stepped aside when he saw that he had a rival: none other than the great King Henry VIII himself.


Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions By G.W. Bernard
In this groundbreaking new biography, G. W. Bernard offers a fresh portrait of one of England’s most captivating queens. Through a wide-ranging forensic examination of sixteenth-century sources, Bernard reconsiders Boleyn’s girlhood, her experience at the French court, the nature of her relationship with Henry, and the authenticity of her evangelical sympathies. He depicts Anne Boleyn as a captivating, intelligent, and highly sexual woman whose attractions Henry resisted for years until marriage could ensure legitimacy for their offspring. He shows that it was Henry, not Anne, who developed the ideas that led to the break with Rome. And, most radically, he argues that the allegations of adultery that led to Anne’s execution in the Tower could be close to the truth.
(This book is quite controversial in its assessment of Anne Boleyn's guilt.)

Anne Boleyn By P. Friedmann
The classic biography of the most engaging of Henry VIII's wives. Anne Boleyn entered Henry's life just as he was seeking to discard his wife, Catherine of Aragon, for failing to give him a son. Henry courted Anne, but she refused to yield to his advances until he promised her marriage. At that moment, Anne was his. Driven by his love for a woman who refused her sexual favours unless she was certain of becoming queen, Henry took on the might of the Catholic Church, challenging papal authority as he strove to divorce Catherine and marry Anne. The process, urged on by Anne and her increasingly powerful family and supporters, cost the lives of many great and powerful men as, one by one, Wolsey, Fisher and More, went to their deaths. While Henry became the head of the church in England, supported by ambitious ministers and a pliant archbishop, his country faced invasion as the pope, King Francis and the Emperor Charles in their turn threatened the king who now stood isolated in Europe. Friedmann charts the rise and fall of Anne Boleyn, from her origins as the daughter of a gifted and ambitious courtier, her elevation to the greatest heights a woman could reach, to her tragic fall and execution, the victim of the man who had once loved her, and who had altered the course of his country's history forever in order to have her.


The Boleyns: The Rise & Fall of a Tudor Family by David Loades
The fall of Anne Boleyn and her brother George is the classic drama of the Tudor era/ The Boleyns had long been an influential English family. Sir Edward Boleyn had been Lord Mayor of London. His grandson, Sir Thomas, had inherited wealth and position, and through the sexual adventures of his daughters, Mary and Anne, ascended to the peak of influence at court.
The three Boleyn children formed a faction of their own, making many enemies: and when those enemies secured Henry VIII’s ear, they brought down the entire family in blood and disgrace. George, Lord Rochford, left no children. Mary left a son by her husband, William Carey – Henry Carey, Lord Hunsdon. Anne left a daughter, Elizabeth I – so like her in many ways and a sexual politician without rival.


Tuesday's Tudor Tableau - Memorial Monument at the Tower of London

 (Photo by me.)

Today’s image is of the monument created to remember those who were executed within the walls of the Tower of London. I took this photo when I visited the Tower of London in October 2009 and even now looking at the photo I am reminded of the overwhelming emotions that I felt as I looked down upon the glass pillow. 

The monument was designed by Brian Catling. It was unveiled on 4th September 2006 and is designed to remember those executed upon Tower Green within the walls of the great Tower of London. It replaced a previous chained off memorial area. Although the memorial does not stand on any particular scaffold sight, it is designed to commemorate the following people who were executed:

  • William, Baron Hastings 13 June 1483
  • Queen Anne Boleyn 19 May 1536
  • Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 27 May 1541
  • Queen Catherine Howard 13 February 1542
  •  Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford 13 February 1542 
  • Lady Jane Grey 12 February 1554
  • Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex 25 February 1601
  • Farquhar Shaw 19 July 1743
  •  Samuel Macpherson 19 July 1743
  • Malcolm Macpherson 19 July 1743
At the centre of the monument lays a glass pillow to symbolise a place for those who were executed to lay their heads. On the top circle of the monument are the names and dates of those executed. Around the bottom glass circle is the beautiful inscription: 

Gentle visitor pause awhile, where you stand death cut away the light of many
days. Here jewelled names were broken from the vivid thread of life, may they rest
in peace while we walk the generations around their strife and courage under these
restless skies.

For me when I first laid eyes upon the glass monument I was struck by its simplicity and beauty. There are no images of those who lost their lives only their names. There are no pictures depicting the executions only the glass pillow designed as though someone is resting their head upon it. The monument and inscription is designed in such a way that the viewer is encouraged to walk the full circle around the moment to take in every inch. Its simplicity is its beauty. Its beauty is what makes it so touching. Instead of a flashy display you are given names and an inscription and from that your mind is able to think, your heart to feel. It is very beautiful, creative and most of all powerful. In its simplicity comes emotion. 

I was especially moved by this memorial because of my love, admiration and respect for Anne Boleyn. Her life was tragically cut short on trumped up charges of incest, treason and adultery. She was sent to her execution scaffold an innocent woman and the dignity in which she carried herself is absolutely overwhelming. 

I find the memorial also very beautiful because of the Chapel Royal of St. Peter ad Vincula which is located directly behind (or in front depending which way you stand!) of the memorial. It is quite something to stand at the memorial, to think and remember those whom were executed, to think of the life of Anne Boleyn and all that she means to me and then to look up and see the Chapel Royal of St. Peter ad Vincula and to know that within the walls of that small Chapel lays the remains of Anne Boleyn. Certainly it is quite a haunting and powerful experience. 

There are no words that can truly do the power, majesty and awe of this memorial true justice. It is something that I would strongly urge if you are able to, then please visit. The memorial is something that needs to be witnessed with your own eyes and to be felt with your heart. It is beautiful, stunning, powerful, tragic and quite emotional. Standing at the memorial, reading the inscription, seeing Anne Boleyn’s name and then looking up to see the Chapel where Anne’s remains lay…. It was one of the most powerful experiences of my life. An experience that I can still recall, still feel even today. 

If you are interested in more information about the memorial please visit the Historic Royal Palaces website:


Historic Royal Palaces: Tower of London Memorial
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